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In the following discussion, we explore in detail how to prevent the various attack patterns introduced in the previous sections, starting with XSRF. Recall that an XSRF attack involves a malicious page that initiates a GET or POST request that, when received by our application, causes some kind of transaction or server-side state change on behalf of our user. In essence, to prevent this attack, we have to enable our application to distinguish between requests that originated from an intended action carried out by our user (who deliberately filled out and submitted a web form), and requests that originated from a malicious page somehow causing a request to be submitted without the user s intent. We first note that there unfortunately is no mechanism that allows a web server to distinguish between HTTP requests that originated from a user action (such as clicking a link or form submit button) from those that were initiated by JavaScript or some other HTML element without explicit user interaction everything else being equal, the resulting HTTP requests look exactly the same. In the following sections, we develop a number of measures for preventing XSRF attacks.

Being this flexible with your URL schema is great, but it can lead to having an enormous number of potential URLs in your application. When you build your application views, you should always give appropriate navigation; remember, it may not be necessary to include a link to every possible URL combination on every page. It s all right for some things to be a happy surprise when a user tries to hack a URL and for it to work!

Once you have completed Exercise 3-2, you will have had practice with GtkBox, GtkPaned, GtkNotebook, and GtkExpander four important containers that will be used throughout the rest of this book. Before continuing on to the next chapter, you may want to test out a few of the containers covered in this chapter that you did not need for Exercises 3-1 and 3-2. This will give you practice using all of the containers, because later chapters will not review past information.

It s a general convention that if a slash is used to separate parameters, the URL should be valid if parameters are omitted. If the URL /events/2008/04/01/ is presented to users, they could reasonably assume that removing the last day parameter could increase the scope of the data shown by the URL. If this isn t what s desired in your URL schema, consider using hyphens instead of slashes because /events/2008-04-01/ wouldn t suggest the same hackability.

Summary

The HTTP protocol specifies a request header called Referer (sic the name of the header field is in fact misspelled), which browsers may use to indicate the URI of the document from which the current request originated (Fielding et al 1999, section 1436) If we can assume that our own site wwwmywwwservicecom would never serve an HTML document to our users that surreptitiously makes malicious requests back to our application, it would seem to be a reasonable approach for preventing XSRF to simply not process requests if their Referer header indicates that they originate from a document that was not served by our own application It is worth noting that in most situations, Referer headers cannot be trusted because they can be easily forged by a malicious client.

The ability to hack URLs gives power back to the users. With dates, this is easy to express, but what about linking to named resources

In this chapter, you learned about the two types of container widgets: decorators and layout containers. Types of decorators covered were expanders, handle boxes, and event boxes. Types of layout containers covered were boxes, panes, tables, fixed containers, and notebooks. The event box container will be seen in later chapters, because there are other widgets besides GtkLabel that cannot handle GDK events. This will be specified when you learn about these widgets. You will see most of the containers covered in this chapter in later chapters as well. While these containers are necessary for GTK+ application development, merely displaying GtkLabel and GtkButton widgets in containers is not very useful (or interesting) in most applications. This type of application does little to accommodate anything beyond basic user interaction. Therefore, in the next chapter, you are going to learn about many widgets that allow you to interact with the user. These widgets include types of buttons, toggles, text entries, and spin buttons. As mentioned before, make sure you understand container widgets before continuing on to 4. Later chapters will assume that you have a decent grasp of the most important container widgets and other concepts covered in this chapter.